On the pathway of ribosomal translocation

The translocation of tRNAs coupled with mRNA in the ribosome is a critical process in the elongation cycle of protein synthesis. The translocation entails large-scale conformational changes of the ribosome and involves several intermediate states with tRNAs in different positions with respect to 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits. However, the detailed role of the intermediate states is unknown and the detailed mechanism and pathway of translocation is unclear. Here based on previous structural, biochemical and single-molecule data we present a translocation pathway by incorporating several intermediate states. With the pathway, we study theoretically (i) the kinetics of 30S head rotation associated with translocation catalyzed by wild-type EF-G, (ii) the dynamics of fluctuations between different tRNA states during translocation interfered with EF-G mutants and translocation-specific antibiotics, (iii) the kinetics of tRNA movement in 50S subunit and mRNA movement in 30S subunit in the presence of wild-type EF-G, EF-G mutants and translocation-specific antibiotics, (iv) the dynamics of EF-G sampling to the ribosome during translocation, etc., providing consistent and quantitative explanations of various available biochemical and single-molecule experimental data published in the literature. Moreover, we study the kinetics of 30S head rotation in the presence of EF-G mutants, providing predicted results. These have significant implications for the molecular mechanism and pathway of ribosomal translocation.