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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

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Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Optimizing management of glycaemia.

Sudesna Chatterjee1, Kamlesh Khunti1, Melanie J Davies1

  • 1Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK; Diabetes Research Centre, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences & Psychology, University of Leicester, The Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|July 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) management requires a patient-centered approach with glucose-lowering therapies and cardiovascular risk factor modification to prevent complications. Newer agents like SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists show superior cardiovascular outcomes.

Keywords:
SGLT2 inhibitorsT2DMglucose-lowering therapieshypoglycaemiaincretin therapiesinsulin

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

  • The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is rising due to lifestyle factors.
  • T2DM management aims to prevent macrovascular and microvascular complications.
  • Effective strategies involve patient education, self-management, and psychological support.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline a cost-effective, patient-centered approach for T2DM management.
  • To emphasize the importance of integrating glucose-lowering therapy with cardiovascular risk factor modification.
  • To highlight the role of structured care models and newer pharmacotherapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current T2DM management strategies.
  • Emphasis on the Chronic Care Model for patient care delivery.
  • Analysis of cardiovascular safety data for newer glucose-lowering agents.

Main Results:

  • Newer agents, including empagliflozin (SGLT-2 inhibitor), liraglutide, and semaglutide (GLP-1 RAs), demonstrate superior cardiovascular outcomes versus placebo.
  • Intensive glycemic control and individualized care reduce complications.
  • Older adults require tailored goals focusing on quality of life and minimizing hypoglycemia risk.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive, patient-centered strategy is crucial for effective T2DM management.
  • Early and proactive use of glucose-lowering therapies, alongside cardiovascular risk reduction, is essential.
  • Novel pharmacotherapies offer improved cardiovascular safety and outcomes in T2DM patients.