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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

13.9K
When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies.
6.4K
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
14.5K
Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction01:26

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...
932
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

4.8K
Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
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Imaging InlC Secretion to Investigate Cellular Infection by the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes
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Imaging InlC Secretion to Investigate Cellular Infection by the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes

Published on: September 19, 2013

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Infection.

Gaurav Saigal1, Natalya Nagornaya1, M Judith D Post1

  • 1Department of Radiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|July 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Central nervous system infections are diagnosed and managed using imaging techniques. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is preferred for intracranial infections, aiding in differentiating various etiologies and guiding therapy.

Keywords:
CTMRIbacterialinfectionintracranialmycobacterialvirus

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosing and managing central nervous system (CNS) infections.
  • Initial imaging findings can be subtle, evolving over days, and require differentiation from noninfectious inflammatory conditions.
  • Meningeal involvement is common in infections but rare in noninfectious inflammation, serving as a key distinguishing feature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review imaging patterns associated with various CNS infections.
  • To highlight the utility of different imaging modalities and sequences in diagnosing and characterizing infections.
  • To differentiate infectious from noninfectious inflammatory brain diseases based on imaging characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of imaging patterns in various brain structures (epidural/subdural spaces, meninges, parenchyma, ventricles).
  • Illustration of patterns with bacterial, viral, prion, mycobacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections.
  • Emphasis on computed tomography (CT) for specific indications and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the primary modality.

Main Results:

  • MRI is the preferred modality for intracranial infections, with sequences like diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) offering valuable diagnostic information.
  • MR spectroscopy (MRS) can aid in diagnosing conditions like bacterial abscesses, showing specific spectral patterns.
  • Imaging patterns help distinguish infectious from noninfectious inflammatory processes, particularly regarding meningeal involvement.

Conclusions:

  • Imaging, especially MRI with advanced sequences, is indispensable for the diagnosis, characterization, and management of CNS infections.
  • Understanding the evolution and specific patterns of imaging findings is key to accurate diagnosis and timely therapeutic decisions.
  • Imaging facilitates differentiation between infectious and noninfectious inflammatory brain pathologies.