Discriminant analysis of trace element distribution in normal and malignant human tissues

Discriminant analysis of 16 trace element levels measured by ultramicro energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence in malignant and histologically normal human breast, colon, and lung tissues is shown to be a potentially valuable methodology for making malignant-normal and tissue-type classifications. Linear composites of trace elements producing optimal malignant-normal discriminations are found to differ with respect to the number and identity of elements included in the composite for breast, colon, and lung tissues. Nine-, 10-, and 11-element discriminant functions produced overall classification accuracies of 98% for breast, 100% for colon, and 100% for lung tissues, respectively. Elements found to be most important in distinguishing between malignant and normal tissues are Ca, Rb, and Zn in breast, Ca, Zn, and Fe in colon, and Fe, Mn, and Cu in lung samples. Three-group discriminations between breast, colon, and lung tissues were 85% accurate using trace element levels in paired malignant-normal tissues and 91% accurate using trace element levels in tumor tissues only.