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Dendrimer-Based Selective Proteostasis-Inhibition Strategy to Control NSCLC Growth and Progression
Kyla Walworth1, Manish Bodas1, Ryan John Campbell1
1College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States of America.
Abstract:
Elevated valosin containing protein (VCP/p97) levels promote the progression of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Although many VCP inhibitors are available, most of these therapeutic compounds have low specificity for targeted tumor cell delivery. Hence, the primary aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of dendrimer-encapsulated potent VCP-inhibitor drug in controlling non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) progression. The VCP inhibitor(s) (either in their pure form or encapsulated in generation-4 PAMAM-dendrimer with hydroxyl surface) were tested for their in vitro efficacy in modulating H1299 (NSCLC cells) proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Our results show that VCP inhibition by DBeQ was significantly more potent than NMS-873 as evident by decreased cell proliferation (p<0.0001, MTT-assay) and migration (p<0.05; scratch-assay), and increased apoptosis (p<0.05; caspase-3/7-assay) as compared to untreated control cells. Next, we found that dendrimer-encapsulated DBeQ (DDNDBeQ) treatment increased ubiquitinated-protein accumulation in soluble protein-fraction (immunoblotting) of H1299 cells as compared to DDN-control, implying the effectiveness of DBeQ in proteostasis-inhibition. We verified by immunostaining that DDNDBeQ treatment increases accumulation of ubiquitinated-proteins that co-localizes with an ER-marker, KDEL. We observed that proteostasis-inhibition with DDNDBeQ, significantly decreased cell migration rate (scratch-assay and transwell-invasion) as compared to the control-DDN treatment (p<0.05). Moreover, DDNDBeQ treatment showed a significant decrease in cell proliferation (p<0.01, MTT-assay) and increased caspase-3/7 mediated apoptotic cell death (p<0.05) as compared to DDN-control. This was further verified by cell cycle analysis (propidium-iodide-staining) that demonstrated significant cell cycle arrest in the G2/M-phase (p<0.001) by DDNDBeQ treatment as compared to control-DDN. Moreover, we confirmed by clonogenic-assay that DDNDBeQ treatment significantly (p<0.001) inhibits H1299 colony-formation as compared to control/DDN. Overall, encapsulation of potent VCP-inhibitor DBeQ into a dendrimer allows selective VCP-mediated proteostasis-inhibition for controlling NSCLC-tumor growth and progression to allow tumor-targeted sustained drug delivery.
Insights
Dendrimer-encapsulated valosin-containing protein (VCP) inhibitor DBeQ effectively controls non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression by inhibiting proteostasis. This targeted delivery enhances VCP inhibition, leading to reduced tumor growth and increased apoptosis in NSCLC cells.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Nanotechnology
- Biochemistry
Background:
- Elevated valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) levels are implicated in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) progression.
- Existing VCP inhibitors often lack specificity, limiting targeted tumor cell delivery.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the in vitro efficacy of a dendrimer-encapsulated VCP inhibitor for controlling NSCLC progression.
- To assess the targeted delivery and therapeutic potential of dendrimer-encapsulated DBeQ in NSCLC cells.
Main Methods:
- In vitro assessment of VCP inhibitor efficacy (DBeQ vs. NMS-873) in H1299 NSCLC cells.
- Evaluation of proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression.
- Utilized MTT assay, scratch assay, caspase-3/7 assay, immunoblotting, immunostaining, and clonogenic assay.
Main Results:
- Dendrimer-encapsulated DBeQ (DDNDBeQ) significantly decreased NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.
- DDNDBeQ treatment increased apoptosis and induced G2/M cell cycle arrest.
- DDNDBeQ effectively inhibited VCP-mediated proteostasis, evidenced by increased ubiquitinated-protein accumulation.
Conclusions:
- Encapsulation of DBeQ into dendrimers enables selective VCP-mediated proteostasis inhibition.
- DDNDBeQ demonstrates potent in vitro efficacy in controlling NSCLC tumor growth and progression.
- This approach offers potential for tumor-targeted sustained drug delivery in NSCLC therapy.
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