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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Direct neuronal reprogramming: learning from and for development.

Giacomo Masserdotti1, Sergio Gascón1, Magdalena Götz2

  • 1Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg/Munich D-85764, Germany Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Großhadernerstrasse 9, Martinsried 82154, Germany.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|July 21, 2016
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Summary

Scientists can now reprogram cells into various functional neurons by understanding developmental pathways. This review explores how direct neuronal reprogramming mirrors embryonic development and discusses potential barriers and new cell specification models.

Keywords:
ConversionDirect reprogrammingNeurogenesisNeuronNeuronal subtypeTranscription factorTransdifferentiation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Key signaling pathways and transcriptional programs governing neuronal diversity are well-established.
  • Advances in reprogramming technologies allow for the conversion of various cell types into specific neuronal subtypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the application of developmental knowledge in direct neuronal reprogramming.
  • To assess the recapitulation of embryonic development in direct reprogramming.
  • To examine reprogramming barriers related to cellular developmental history.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on direct neuronal reprogramming.
  • Analysis of mechanisms underlying cell specification and neuronal development.
  • Evaluation of existing and proposed models for cell specification.

Main Results:

  • Direct reprogramming successfully generates diverse functional neurons from various cell types.
  • Reprogramming partially recapitulates embryonic developmental processes.
  • Cellular developmental history presents specific barriers to efficient reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • Direct neuronal reprogramming is a powerful tool for generating specific neuron types.
  • Understanding developmental history is crucial for overcoming reprogramming barriers.
  • The 'Cook Islands' model is considered in light of recent direct reprogramming findings.