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Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior
Published on: June 10, 2013
Muthukali Shanmugam1, Vetrivel Shivakumar1, Vijayarangan Anitha1
1Department of Periodontics, Chettinad Dental College & Research Institute, IT Highway, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603112, India.
Children with intellectual disabilities report dental pain less frequently than their peers. Caregivers noted challenges with brushing and chewing for these children, highlighting unique oral health needs.
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