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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Long noncoding RNAs in normal and pathological pluripotency.

Sophia J Häfner1, Thomas G Talvard2, Anders H Lund1

  • 1Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|July 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial for maintaining stemness and are deregulated in cancer. This review highlights lncRNAs shared between stemness and cancer, advancing research into cancer stem cells.

Keywords:
CancerCancer stem cellsDifferentiationLong noncoding RNAsPluripotencyStemness

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Pluripotent and cancer cells share traits like immortality and stress resistance.
  • Research has identified common molecular pathways, but strategies mainly focused on proteins.
  • The majority of the genome produces functional noncoding transcripts, including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), crucial for cellular processes like stemness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To integrate noncoding transcripts, specifically lncRNAs, into the understanding of the stemness-cancer connection.
  • To systematically identify lncRNAs involved in maintaining the embryonic stemness state exploited by cancer cells.
  • To highlight lncRNAs with shared functions in stemness and cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on lncRNAs in stemness and cancer.
  • Analysis of studies investigating lncRNA expression in cancer stem cells.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on lncRNA functions and mechanisms in both contexts.

Main Results:

  • Numerous lncRNAs are deregulated in cancer, but their functions and mechanisms remain largely unknown.
  • While some studies explored lncRNAs in cancer stem cells, a systematic approach to identify those maintaining embryonic stemness is lacking.
  • This review consolidates existing knowledge and identifies key lncRNAs implicated in both stemness and cancer.

Conclusions:

  • lncRNAs play critical roles in stemness maintenance and are frequently dysregulated in cancer.
  • Understanding the shared functions of lncRNAs in stemness and cancer is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting cancer stem cells.
  • Further systematic investigation of lncRNAs in cancer stem cells is warranted to fully elucidate their roles and therapeutic potential.