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Related Concept Videos

Histology of the Uterus01:19

Histology of the Uterus

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The uterine wall consists of three histological layers: the perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium. The outermost perimetrium is a thin, serous membrane connected with the broad ligament on the sides, which helps anchor the uterus in the pelvic cavity. The thickest layer, myometrium, is mainly made up of smooth muscle tissue bundles. Its contractions are vital in facilitating the expulsion of the uterine lining, fetus, and placenta during menstruation and childbirth.
The endometrium is the...
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The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Ovarian Cycle

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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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Proliferative Phase01:20

Proliferative Phase

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The proliferative phase typically occurs after menstruation and lasts between 6 to 13 days in a standard 28-day cycle. This phase involves the reconstruction of the endometrium, guided by estrogen produced by the developing ovarian follicle.
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Establishment of an Experimental Mouse Model of Endometrioma to Study its Related Infertility
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Bone in The Endometrium: A Review.

Sana N Khan1, Monica Modi2, Luis R Hoyos2

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, USA.

International Journal of Fertility & Sterility
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Endometrial bone fragments, often found after pregnancy termination, commonly cause infertility. Surgical removal leads to high spontaneous pregnancy and live-birth rates, resolving infertility.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Gynecologic Pathology

Background:

  • Endometrial bone or osseous fragments are a recognized complication following uterine procedures.
  • These fragments can lead to significant gynecological issues, primarily infertility and irregular menses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive systematic review of published literature on patients with endometrial bone fragments.
  • To critically examine the clinical presentation, diagnostic investigations, and treatment outcomes for this condition.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of full-text case reports and case series.
  • Databases searched included PubMed, Ovid, and Medline from 1928 to 2013.
  • Analysis of data from 293 patients across 155 publications.

Main Results:

  • The mean age of presentation was 32.7 years.
  • 88% of patients had prior surgical uterine evacuation, with a median gestational age of 14 weeks.
  • Infertility was the most common presenting symptom (56.2%).
  • Following treatment, 66% of patients achieved pregnancy, predominantly spontaneously (82.3%).
  • The spontaneous miscarriage rate was 43%, but 55% of pregnancies resulted in live birth.

Conclusions:

  • Endometrial bone fragments are most frequently associated with prior pregnancy terminations.
  • Infertility and irregular menses are the primary symptoms.
  • Surgical removal of fragments facilitates rapid and spontaneous conception, with a favorable live-birth rate despite a high miscarriage rate.