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Related Concept Videos

Drug Elimination: The Concept of Clearance01:06

Drug Elimination: The Concept of Clearance

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Drug elimination refers to removing drugs from the body, either through urine by the kidneys or through bile by the liver. Drug clearance is a pharmacokinetic parameter that measures the efficiency of drug removal from the bloodstream within a specific time frame. It is calculated as the rate at which a drug is eliminated from plasma divided by the plasma concentration of the drug.
Drug clearance is not limited to renal excretion but encompasses all organs involved in drug elimination,...
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Drug Clearance: Overview01:06

Drug Clearance: Overview

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Drug elimination refers to drug removal from the body, either through urine or bile, by the kidneys or liver, respectively. A pharmacokinetic parameter, drug clearance, measures the efficiency of drug removal from the bloodstream within a specific time frame. It is calculated as the rate at which a drug is eliminated from plasma divided by the drug's concentration in plasma.
Drug clearance is not limited to renal excretion but encompasses all organs involved in drug elimination, including...
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Clearance Models: Compartment Models01:25

Clearance Models: Compartment Models

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Clearance measures drug elimination from the central compartment, including plasma and highly perfused organs like kidneys and liver. Its calculation varies depending on pharmacokinetic models and administration routes. The one-compartment model, for instance, portrays the pharmacokinetics of polar drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics administered intravenously and readily excreted in urine. In this case, clearance is influenced by the terminal rate constant (λz) and the total volume...
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Clearance Models: Noncompartmental Models01:17

Clearance Models: Noncompartmental Models

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Clearance is a pharmacokinetic parameter traditionally defined by compartment models, signifying the rate at which a drug is expelled from the body. However, a noncompartmental model offers an alternative method for assessing clearance, primarily employing empirical data obtained after administering a single drug dose.
The noncompartmental approach capitalizes on extensive sampling data, correlating the volume of distribution to systemic exposure and the administered dosage. This method enables...
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Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Drug's Physicochemical Properties and Plasma Levels01:31

Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Drug's Physicochemical Properties and Plasma Levels

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Renal clearance of a drug is influenced by various factors, including its physicochemical properties and plasma levels. These factors play a significant role in determining how efficiently the kidneys eliminate a drug.
One important factor is the drug's molecular size. The kidneys readily excrete smaller molecules below 300 Daltons (Da). On the other hand, molecules weighing between 300 and 500 Da are excreted through both urine and bile. Larger molecules above 500 Da tend to be excreted...
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Clearance Models: Physiological Models01:09

Clearance Models: Physiological Models

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Drug clearance is a critical pharmacokinetic process involving the irreversible removal of drugs from the body through various organs over a specified time period. Physiological models are indispensable in determining organ-specific clearance, defined by the proportion of the drug eliminated per unit of time from the organ's blood volume.
The organ's clearance rate depends on the blood flow to the organ and the extraction ratio (E). The extraction ratio describes the organ's...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Models and Methods to Evaluate Transport of Drug Delivery Systems Across Cellular Barriers
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Models and Methods to Evaluate Transport of Drug Delivery Systems Across Cellular Barriers

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Cellular elimination of nanoparticles.

Eleonore Fröhlich1

  • 1Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstr. 24, A-8010 Graz, Austria.

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology
|July 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Nanoparticles (NPs) are eliminated from cells primarily through lysosomal exocytosis. Certain cell types and NP characteristics can influence this excretion process, impacting cellular NP levels.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Cell Biology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • General population exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) occurs via dermal, oral, and inhalation routes.
  • Cellular uptake mechanisms of NPs are well-studied, but their elimination pathways are less understood.
  • Quantifying NP excretion is challenging due to technological limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the primary mechanisms of nanoparticle elimination from cells.
  • To identify factors influencing nanoparticle excretion.
  • To explore the role of lysosomal exocytosis in reducing intracellular NP concentrations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of cellular uptake and excretion mechanisms for nanoparticles.
  • Analysis of factors facilitating lysosomal exocytosis.
Keywords:
ExocytosisExosomesLysosomesNanoparticlesToxicity

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  • Comparison of NP excretion efficiency in different cell types.

    • Main Results:

    • Lysosomal exocytosis is identified as the principal mechanism for decreasing intracellular NP concentration.
    • Factors such as lysosomal localization, small particle size, and concentration gradients favor exocytosis.
    • Transporting epithelia, secretory cells, and proliferative cells exhibit higher NP excretion efficiency.

    Conclusions:

    • Nanoparticles can potentially stimulate their own excretion via exocytosis.
    • Cellular characteristics significantly influence the capacity for nanoparticle elimination.
    • Understanding NP excretion is crucial for assessing nanoparticle safety and biological impact.