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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of...
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Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS01:21

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Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...
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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
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Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

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Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Exploring Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease
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Constipation: an emerging risk factor for Parkinson's disease?

P Stirpe1, M Hoffman2, D Badiali3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Institute for Research and Medical Care (IRCCS) San Raffaele, Rome, Italy.

European Journal of Neurology
|July 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Constipation is a common symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) that may precede motor symptoms. Investigating alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) in the gut could lead to early PD diagnosis.

Keywords:
Parkinson's diseaseconstipationenteric nervous systemnon-motor symptomsrisk factors

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Constipation is a prevalent gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD), affecting 24.6%–63% of patients.
  • Constipation can negatively impact levodopa absorption, potentially worsening motor fluctuations in advanced PD.
  • Emerging evidence suggests constipation may precede classical motor symptoms in PD, indicating potential prodromal relevance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of constipation as a potential clinical biomarker for the prodromal phase of Parkinson's disease.
  • To investigate the presence of alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) pathology and neurotransmitter alterations in the enteric nervous system of PD patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical studies on constipation prevalence and its association with PD motor features.
  • Analysis of in vivo studies utilizing GI biopsies and functional imaging to detect α-SYN aggregates and neurotransmitter changes.
  • Evaluation of the Braak model's proposed pathophysiology of α-SYN aggregates in PD, focusing on early enteric nervous system involvement.

Main Results:

  • Constipation is a significant and early manifestation of Parkinson's disease.
  • Studies confirm the presence of α-SYN aggregates and altered neurotransmitters in enteric tissues.
  • Findings support the hypothesis of early pathological involvement of the enteric nervous system in PD.

Conclusions:

  • Constipation shows potential as a sensitive biomarker for the prodromal stage of Parkinson's disease.
  • Colonic biopsies examining α-SYN pathology may offer a feasible, albeit partially invasive, diagnostic biomarker for PD.
  • Further prospective studies are needed to validate these findings.