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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR Signal Integration: Overview00:58

¹H NMR Signal Integration: Overview

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The intensity of a signal, which can be represented by the area under the peak, depends on the number of protons contributing to that signal. The area under each peak is shown as a vertical line called an integral, with the integral value listed under it, as seen in the proton NMR spectrum of benzyl acetate. Each integral value is divided by the smallest integral value to obtain the ratio of the number of protons producing each signal. The ratio reveals the relative number of protons and not...
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¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

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A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference01:25

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Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
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¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
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Mass Spectrum01:23

Mass Spectrum

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A mass spectrum is the graphical representation of the relative abundance of the charged fragments in an analyte plotted against their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The plot's x-axis represents the ratio of the mass of the charged fragment to the number of charges it carries. The y axis of the plot represents the relative abundance of each charged species. The relative abundance is calculated from the signal intensity of each charged species recorded at the detector. The most intense signal (the...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab01:21

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

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For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation
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Averaging of Backscatter Intensities in Compounds.

John J Donovan1, Nicholas E Pingitore2, Andrew J Westphal3

  • 1Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1272.

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
|July 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electron backscattering in electron microprobe analysis is not influenced by elemental mass. A new "electron fraction" model, based on electron or proton count, better predicts backscatter yield than traditional mass fraction methods.

Keywords:
atomic fractionatomic number correctionbackscatterelastic scatteringelectron fractionelectron scatteringmass averagingmass effectmass fractionmicroanalysismulti-element compoundsquantitative microanalysis

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Physics

Background:

  • Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) commonly uses elemental mass fractions to predict backscattered electron (BSE) intensities.
  • This approach assumes a direct relationship between elemental mass and BSE yield, which lacks a strong physical basis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of elemental mass on electron backscattering at typical electron microprobe energies.
  • To challenge the conventional mass fraction model for predicting BSE intensities in compounds.
  • To propose and validate an alternative model based on electron or proton count.

Main Methods:

  • Performed low-uncertainty measurements on pure element stable isotope pairs using an electron microprobe.
  • Compared the predictive accuracy of the traditional mass fraction model with a proposed electron fraction model.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that elemental mass has no significant influence on electron backscattering under typical EMPA conditions.
  • Showed that the traditional mass fraction averaging model is physically unfounded for predicting BSE intensities.
  • The proposed electron fraction model exhibited superior predictive performance compared to the mass fraction model.

Conclusions:

  • Elemental mass is not a determining factor for electron backscattering in EMPA.
  • The reliance on mass fraction averaging for BSE intensity prediction is scientifically inaccurate.
  • The electron fraction model offers a more physically grounded and accurate approach for predicting backscatter yield.