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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization
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Transcriptional regulation by complex interplay between post-translational modifications.

Michael J Skelly1, Lucas Frungillo1, Steven H Spoel1

  • 1Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom.

Current Opinion in Plant Biology
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Plant transcriptional regulators

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Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology and genetics.
  • Focus on transcriptional regulation and protein stability.

Background:

  • Transcriptional reprogramming is crucial for plant development and environmental responses.
  • Protein stability, particularly of transcriptional regulators, is often controlled by the ubiquitin-proteasome system in plants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore emerging post-translational modifications that regulate ubiquitination and protein stability.
  • To understand how these modifications fine-tune transcriptional programs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent reports on post-translational modifications.
  • Focus on SUMOylation and S-nitrosylation of transcriptional regulators.

Main Results:

  • SUMOylation and S-nitrosylation are key regulatory steps for protein ubiquitination in the nucleus.
  • These modifications, alongside phosphorylation, impact transcriptional regulator stability.

Conclusions:

  • Interplay between post-translational modifications provides robust control over gene expression.
  • Fine-tuning of developmental and stress-responsive transcription is achieved through these complex regulatory networks.