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Related Concept Videos

States of Water01:23

States of Water

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
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Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation01:24

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When a non-volatile solute is added to a pure solvent, it results in the lowering of the freezing point of the solvent. This phenomenon is called freezing point depression. The extent to which the freezing point is lowered depends on the molality of the solute -the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent and the cryoscopic constant of the solvent.From the plot of chemical potential, μ, against temperature, it is evident that the μ of both solid and liquid solvents decrease...
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Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

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Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
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In fluid mechanics, buoyancy and stability are key concepts for understanding the behavior of submerged and floating bodies. When a stationary body is fully or partially submerged in a fluid, the fluid exerts a force on the body known as the buoyant force. This force acts vertically upward through a point called the center of buoyancy, which is the center of the displaced fluid volume. According to Archimedes' principle, the magnitude of the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid...
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When cells are placed in a hypotonic (low-salt) fluid, they can swell and burst. Meanwhile, cells in a hypertonic solution—with a higher salt concentration—can shrivel and die. How do fish cells avoid these gruesome fates in hypotonic freshwater or hypertonic seawater environments?
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Methods for Image-based Surveys of Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Their Habitat Exemplified by the Drop Camera Survey for the Atlantic Sea Scallop
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Sea State Green.

Joshua Banting, Tony Meriano

    Journal of Special Operations Medicine : a Peer Reviewed Journal for SOF Medical Professionals
    |July 25, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    This series enhances medical knowledge for Special Operations Forces (SOF) and tactical emergency medical support (TEMS) personnel. It uses real-life cases to improve clinical management skills in operational environments.

    Area of Science:

    • Medical Education
    • Emergency Medicine
    • Military Health

    Background:

    • Clinical knowledge and management principles require continuous enhancement.
    • Specialized medical support is crucial for Special Operations Forces (SOF) and tactical emergency medical support (TEMS) personnel.
    • Real-world case-based learning is effective for improving clinical decision-making.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review clinical conditions and management strategies relevant to SOF and TEMS.
    • To enhance core knowledge and management principles for military medical personnel.
    • To dispel common myths in tactical emergency medicine.

    Main Methods:

    • Presentation of real-life clinical cases adapted for SOF/TEMS contexts.
    • Detailed case scenarios to guide clinical management decisions.

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  • Commentary from experienced military medical technicians and SOF medics.

    • Main Results:

    • Improved understanding of clinical presentations and evidence-based management.
    • Enhanced ability to apply core knowledge in diverse operational environments.
    • Dissemination of practical insights from active special operations medical personnel.

    Conclusions:

    • The case-based series effectively enhances clinical skills for SOF and TEMS.
    • Practical experience shared by military medics improves tactical medical readiness.
    • This educational approach supports continuous professional development in austere environments.