The role of psychopathology in chronic headache: cause or effect?

The psychological test results (BDI, STAI, PSC, and MMPI Scales 1, 2, 3, and 7) of 492 chronic headache patients were subjected to five analyses in order to test two hypotheses about the relation of headache activity and psychopathology/personality: (H-1), that psychopathology "causes" headache; and (H-2), that headache "causes" psychopathology. No support was found for H-2. There was modest support for H-1.