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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

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The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
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Hazard Ratio01:12

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The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
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Cancer Therapies02:49

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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[Menopausal hormonal therapy and cancer risks].

A Lasserre1, A Fournier2

  • 1Département de prévention, pôle santé publique et soins, institut national du cancer, 52, avenue André-Morizet, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.

Gynecologie, Obstetrique & Fertilite
|July 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Menopausal hormonal therapy (MHT) containing estrogen and progestagen is carcinogenic. Prescribing MHT requires careful consideration of cancer risks, lowest effective dose, shortest duration, and regular gynecological follow-up.

Keywords:
BreastCancerEndometriumEndomètreMenopausal hormone therapyOvaireOvarySeinTraitements hormonaux de la ménopause

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Gynecology

Background:

  • Estrogen-progestagen menopausal hormonal therapy (MHT) is classified as carcinogenic.
  • Hormonal therapies are widely used for managing menopausal symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the associations between MHT and cancer risks.
  • To provide guidance on the safe prescription of MHT.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on MHT and cancer.
  • Analysis of risks based on different MHT treatment modalities.

Main Results:

  • MHT is linked to increased risks of breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers.
  • Risk association varies depending on MHT formulation and duration.

Conclusions:

  • MHT carries carcinogenic risks and should be prescribed cautiously.
  • Lowest effective doses for the shortest possible duration are recommended.
  • Informed patient discussion and regular gynecological monitoring are crucial.