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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Water Intake01:25

Regulation of Water Intake

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Osmolality refers to the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality specifically indicates the total number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. This value reflects the body's hydration status and is tightly regulated through mechanisms controlling water intake and output. While water consumption is a conscious decision, the body has intrinsic regulatory systems to maintain fluid balance. Dehydration, a state of water deficit...
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Disorder of Water Balance01:29

Disorder of Water Balance

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Water balance disorders are medical conditions that occur when there is a deviation from the body's water volume or osmolarity, disrupting normal homeostasis and leading todehydration, hypotonic hydration, hyperhydration, edema, or water intoxication.
Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when the body loses fluids (particularly water).
Causes:
The major causes of dehydration include excessive sweating, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and diuresis.
Signs and Symptoms:
Symptoms primarily include intense...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Formation of Concentrated Urine01:23

Formation of Concentrated Urine

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There is a gradient of solutes in the interstitial fluid from the renal cortex through the medulla, known as the medullary osmotic gradient. The juxtamedullary nephrons establish and maintain this gradient using countercurrent mechanisms with loops extending deep into the medulla. These nephrons also use countercurrent mechanisms to regulate urine volume and concentration. The interaction between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop creates an osmotic gradient through...
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Regulation of Sodium and Potassium01:26

Regulation of Sodium and Potassium

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The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Sodium Regulation
Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily...
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Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics01:28

Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

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Liddle syndrome is a genetically inherited form of hypertension characterized by the overactivity of epithelial sodium channels in the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. This heightened activity leads to increased sodium reabsorption and excessive excretion of potassium. To counteract this, potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride are used. They function by blocking these sodium channels, thereby reducing the influx of sodium into the epithelial cells and minimizing the loss of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Real-Time Electrocardiogram Monitoring During Treadmill Training in Mice
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Hyponatremia in a Marathoner.

P B Nelson, A G Robinson, W Kapoor

    The Physician and Sportsmedicine
    |July 26, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Hyponatremia can affect endurance athletes. This case report details a marathon runner experiencing severe symptoms like altered mental status due to hyponatremia, highlighting risks even at marathon distances.

    Area of Science:

    • Sports Medicine
    • Exercise Physiology
    • Clinical Case Reports

    Background:

    • Hyponatremia is a recognized risk in ultra-endurance events and triathlons.
    • Endurance running, particularly marathons, involves significant fluid and electrolyte challenges.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report a case of severe hyponatremia in a marathon runner.
    • To discuss the potential causes and clinical presentation of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) at marathon distances.

    Main Methods:

    • Case report of a 21-year-old male marathon participant.
    • Clinical assessment of symptoms including altered mental status, increased intracranial pressure, and pulmonary edema.

    Main Results:

    • The patient developed severe hyponatremia after completing his first marathon.

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  • Symptoms included altered mental status, increased intracranial pressure, and pulmonary edema.
  • Salt loss via sweat and hypotonic fluid retention were identified as likely causes.

    • Conclusions:

    • This is the first reported case of this severe hyponatremia syndrome occurring after a standard marathon.
    • Emphasizes the potential for serious complications of hyponatremia in marathon runners.
    • Highlights the importance of appropriate fluid and electrolyte management in endurance sports.