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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Updated: Mar 17, 2026

A 3D Organotypic Melanoma Spheroid Skin Model
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(Neo)adjuvant systemic therapy for melanoma.

M C T van Zeijl1, A J van den Eertwegh2, J B Haanen3

  • 1Dutch Institute for Clinical Auditing, Rijnsburgerweg 10, 2333AA Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.

European Journal of Surgical Oncology : the Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology
|July 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Adjuvant therapies for high-risk melanoma, including targeted therapy and immunotherapy, are under investigation. Current trials explore novel agents to improve survival rates beyond surgery alone for stage II and III melanoma patients.

Keywords:
AdjuvantAnti CTLA-4Anti PD1BRAF inhibitorCobimetinibCutaneous melanomaDabrafenibHigh risk melanomaImmunotherapyIpilimumabMEK inhibitorMelanomaNeoadjuvantReviewT-VECTamilogene LaherparepvecTrametinibVemurafenib

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Surgery is the primary treatment for stage II and III melanoma, but survival rates remain suboptimal.
  • Current adjuvant therapies, like interferon-2b, have limited clinical use due to a poor risk-benefit ratio.
  • Systemic targeted therapy and immunotherapy show promise for advanced melanoma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing adjuvant therapies for high-risk melanoma.
  • To summarize ongoing clinical trials for neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatments.
  • To explore the potential of systemic therapies in improving outcomes for resectable high-risk melanomas.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of established adjuvant therapies.
  • Analysis of ongoing randomized, placebo-controlled phase III trials.
  • Examination of systemic targeted and immunotherapy agents in clinical development.

Main Results:

  • Surgery alone does not significantly improve survival for high-risk melanoma.
  • Interferon-2b has limited efficacy and integration as an adjuvant therapy.
  • New systemic agents (ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, vemurafenib, dabrafenib plus trametinib) are being evaluated in phase III trials.

Conclusions:

  • Adjuvant systemic targeted therapy and immunotherapy represent a promising strategy for resectable high-risk melanoma.
  • Ongoing trials are crucial for establishing the efficacy and safety of these novel agents.
  • Improving survival for high-risk melanoma patients requires advancements beyond current surgical and adjuvant treatments.