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Mice have long served as models for studying human biology and pathology because of their phylogenetic and physiological similarity with humans. They are also easy to maintain and breed in the laboratory, and hence, many inbred strains are now available for research. Studies on mice have contributed immeasurably to our understanding of cancer biology.
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Animal models for cancer cachexia.

Riccardo Ballarò1, Paola Costelli, Fabio Penna

  • 1aDepartment of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, University of Torino, Torino bInteruniversity Institute of Myology, Reggio Emilia, Italy.

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Cancer cachexia therapies are lacking due to its complexity. This review focuses on experimental models for cancer cachexia (a syndrome affecting quality of life and survival) to advance translational studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Translational Medicine
  • Biomedical Research

Background:

  • Cancer cachexia significantly impairs patient quality of life, reduces treatment efficacy, and decreases overall survival.
  • The complexity of cancer cachexia hinders the development of effective therapies and clinical trial design.
  • Insufficient understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlies the lack of targeted treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest information on cancer cachexia.
  • To focus on experimental systems used for modeling cancer cachexia in translational studies.
  • To highlight advancements in preclinical models for understanding cachexia.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on cancer cachexia.
  • Analysis of various experimental models, including syngeneic, orthotopic, xenograft, and genetically engineered mouse models.
  • Evaluation of the utility of these models in translational research.

Main Results:

  • Preclinical models for cancer cachexia research are rapidly evolving.
  • Established syngeneic models are now complemented by advanced models like orthotopic injections, patient-derived xenografts, and spontaneous tumors in genetically engineered mice.
  • Newer models offer improved recapitulation of the human disease.

Conclusions:

  • More complex animal models that closely mimic cancer cachexia, potentially including chemotherapy administration, are crucial.
  • These advanced models will enhance understanding of underlying mechanisms.
  • They will enable more reliable evaluation of potential drugs for translational application.