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Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the polymer...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Biobased Polyamides: Recent Advances in Basic and Applied Research.

Malte Winnacker1, Bernhard Rieger2

  • 1WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85474, Garching bei München, Germany. malte.winnacker@makro.ch.tum.de.

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Summary

This review explores recent advancements in bio-based polyamides (PAs), derived from renewable resources. It highlights their potential for sustainable materials and diverse applications, alongside challenges for large-scale adoption.

Keywords:
polyamidespolycondensationrenewable feedstocksring-opening polymerizationsustainable polymers

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Polyamides (PAs), including Nylon and Perlon, have been vital industrial polymers since the 1930s.
  • The development of sustainable polymers from renewable resources is a growing area of research.
  • Bio-based polyamides offer unique structural features and properties derived from natural building blocks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in bio-based polyamides.
  • To elucidate the properties and potential applications of these sustainable materials.
  • To assess the feasibility of bio-based polyamides for large-scale and high-performance applications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific studies on bio-based polyamides.
  • Analysis of reported properties and potential applications.
  • Evaluation of market establishment potential, considering price and feasibility.

Main Results:

  • Numerous bio-based polyamides have been developed, leveraging natural building blocks for enhanced sustainability.
  • Some bio-based polyamides, like PA-11, are established, while many novel candidates show promise but require further validation for industrial use.
  • Scientific interest is high, but market viability for some candidates is limited by cost and production challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Bio-based polyamides represent a significant advancement in sustainable polymer development.
  • Further research and development are crucial to overcome challenges and realize the full potential of novel bio-based polyamides in various applications.
  • Balancing performance, cost, and scalability is key for the future market establishment of these eco-friendly materials.