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Menopause01:28

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Menopause accelerates biological aging.

Morgan E Levine1, Ake T Lu2, Brian H Chen3

  • 1Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Menopause accelerates epigenetic aging in blood, as indicated by epigenetic clock analysis. This reproductive aging marker shows associations with menopause timing and hormone therapy, suggesting a link between biological and reproductive aging processes.

Keywords:
DNA methylationWHIagingepigenetic clockmenopause

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Reproductive Aging
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Epigenetic processes are linked to aging and disease but their role in reproductive aging is unclear.
  • An epigenetic clock, a biomarker of age based on DNA methylation, has been developed.
  • The relationship between epigenetic aging and reproductive aging events like menopause requires investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between epigenetic age acceleration and reproductive aging.
  • To analyze epigenetic clocks in blood, saliva, and buccal epithelium in relation to menopause.
  • To explore the genetic correlation between age at menopause and epigenetic age acceleration.

Main Methods:

  • Epigenetic clock analysis of DNA methylation data from four large cohorts (n=2,820).
  • Statistical analysis to assess associations between epigenetic age acceleration and menopause-related factors (menopause, oophorectomy, hormone therapy).
  • Mendelian randomization analysis using genetic data (SNPs) to infer causality.

Main Results:

  • Increased epigenetic age acceleration in blood correlated with earlier menopause, oophorectomy, and longer time since menopause.
  • Epigenetic age acceleration in buccal epithelium and saliva did not correlate with age at menopause.
  • Higher epigenetic age in saliva was linked to oophorectomy, while lower epigenetic age in buccal epithelium was associated with hormone therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Menopause appears to accelerate the epigenetic aging of blood.
  • Genetic factors may link age at menopause and epigenetic age acceleration in blood.
  • Further mechanistic studies are needed to confirm causal relationships between menopause and epigenetic aging.