Cholecystokinin-like peptide is a modulator of a crustacean central pattern generator

The presence, release, and physiological effects of a cholecystokinin(CCK)-like peptide within the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of the lobster, Panulirus interruptus, are described. Indirect immunofluorescence with 2 antisera raised against CCK8 was used to determine the distribution of CCK-like immunoreactivity (CCKLI) in the stomatogastric nervous system. CCKLI was demonstrated in the input nerve and the neuropil of the STG and in neuropil and somata in the commissural ganglia (CGs), brain, and eyestalks. None of the somata within the STG displayed CCKLI. The cross-reactivities of the CCK antisera with several peptides were determined using either a radioimmunoassay or an immunoblot assay; the antisera recognized peptides homologous to CCK but did not cross-react significantly with several unrelated peptides. The STG contains 2 central pattern generators (CPGs), the pyloric and the gastric mill CPGs. Bath application of CCK8 to the STG had modulatory effects on both CPGs, which were dose dependent and reversible. CCK increased the spike frequencies and number of spikes per burst of the pyloric rhythm but had little effect on the period. CCK increased the period of the gastric rhythm and produced changes in the spike frequencies, burst lengths, and phases of gastric units. High concentrations of peptide were needed to produce these effects (10(-6) to 10(-4) M). Finally, stimulation of the stomatogastric nerve (stn), which contains fibers immunoreactive to CCK, produced calcium-dependent release of CCK molar equivalents (CCKE) into the STG. The stn was electrically stimulated and the superfusate around the ganglion was collected and assayed for CCKE using a radioimmunoassay. Stimulation produced the release of 37.1 +/- 7.1 fmol (mean +/- SEM), compared to 13.7 +/- 4.9 fmol for unstimulated controls and 4.9 +/- 2.9 fmol in the absence of calcium. These data suggest that a CCK-like peptide is an endogenous modulator of the stomatogastric ganglion of P. interruptus.