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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

6.5K
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy01:20

Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy

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To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

16.0K
Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
16.0K
Precipitation Reactions03:10

Precipitation Reactions

67.5K
In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or...
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What is Weather?01:07

What is Weather?

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Overview
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Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
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Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

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Thunderstorms Increase Mercury Wet Deposition.

Christopher D Holmes1, Nishanth P Krishnamurthy1, Jane M Caffrey2

  • 1Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|July 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thunderstorms significantly increase mercury (Hg) wet deposition by 50% by transporting oxidized mercury (Hg(II)) from the upper atmosphere. This finding confirms a causal link between convective storms and higher atmospheric mercury levels in precipitation.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Meteorology

Background:

  • Mercury (Hg) wet deposition patterns in the U.S. correlate with thunderstorm activity.
  • The causal relationship between thunderstorms and elevated Hg concentrations in precipitation has not been established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if deep convective thunderstorms causally increase mercury concentrations in precipitation.
  • To investigate the role of atmospheric mercury transport and deposition mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of over 800 rainwater samples from individual precipitation events.
  • Correlation of mercury concentrations with precipitation type (thunderstorm vs. stratiform/weak convective).
  • Utilizing radar and satellite data to assess convective storm intensity and altitude.

Main Results:

  • Thunderstorms elevate mercury concentrations in rain by 50% compared to other precipitation types of equal depth.
  • Strong convection reaching the upper troposphere is linked to the highest Hg concentrations.
  • Precipitation meteorology, including thunderstorm frequency and rainfall, explains regional Hg deposition differences.

Conclusions:

  • Deep convective thunderstorms are a primary driver of increased mercury wet deposition.
  • Understanding atmospheric mercury fate requires integrating global transport models with convective precipitation processes.
  • Oxidized mercury species (Hg(II)) in the upper troposphere are efficiently scavenged by thunderstorms.