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Maternal Gametophyte Effects on Seed Development in Maize.

Antony M Chettoor1, Allison R Phillips1, Clayton T Coker1

  • 1Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305.

Genetics
|July 29, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mutations in maize reveal how the female gametophyte controls seed development. These genetic changes impact nutrient transfer and the formation of embryo and endosperm, offering insights into maternal control mechanisms.

Keywords:
embryo sacendosperm transfer layergametophytemaizematernal effect

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Area of Science:

  • Plant reproductive biology
  • Developmental genetics
  • Seed science

Background:

  • Flowering plants exhibit extensive maternal contributions to seed development, paralleling placental mammals.
  • Unlike animals, plants possess a distinct, genetically active haploid gametophyte phase between meiosis and fertilization.
  • Double fertilization in flowering plants uniquely produces two sister embryos: the endosperm and the zygotic embryo.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of maternal gene expression in the female gametophyte during seed development.
  • To identify and characterize mutations in Zea mays affecting maternal contributions to the seed.
  • To elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying maternal control of seed development through gametophyte regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Zea mays mutants with altered seed development.
  • Examination of gene expression patterns, particularly in the basal endosperm transfer layer.
  • Microscopic evaluation of female gametophyte morphology and cellular development prior to fertilization.

Main Results:

  • Several maize mutations were identified that impair maternal gametophyte contributions to both endosperm and embryo development.
  • Mutations frequently altered the expression of markers for the basal endosperm transfer layer, affecting nutrient transport.
  • Abnormalities in female gametophyte development, including central cell size/architecture and antipodal/egg cell morphology, were observed prior to fertilization.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal control of seed development is significantly influenced by the genetic and cellular state of the female gametophyte.
  • Mutants affecting gametophyte development provide critical insights into the prerequisites for successful fertilization and seed formation.
  • Further research into these mutants will illuminate the molecular mechanisms regulating maternal provisioning and developmental trajectories in seeds.