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    Area of Science:

    • Reproductive Endocrinology
    • Sports Medicine
    • Women's Health

    Background:

    • Menstrual irregularities such as amenorrhea (absent periods) and oligomenorrhea (infrequent periods) affect women across activity levels.
    • While often linked to intense exercise in athletes, these conditions can signify underlying pathology in both athletes and non-athletes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the potential serious causes of menstrual dysfunction beyond heavy exercise.
    • To inform about the risks associated with anovulation and hypoestrogenism.
    • To outline diagnostic methods and treatment strategies for menstrual irregularities.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of conditions causing amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea.
    • Identification of hormonal alterations like anovulation and hypoestrogenism.
    • Description of diagnostic tests for menstrual dysfunction and estrogen levels.
    • Summary of treatments to restore estrogen and progesterone balance.

    Main Results:

    • Anovulation and hypoestrogenism are key conditions in women with oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea.
    • Anovulation increases risks of endometrial pathology and breast cancer.
    • Hypoestrogenism elevates the risk of osteoporosis.
    • Hormonal alterations, short luteal phase, and anovulation can occur even in athletes with regular periods.

    Conclusions:

    • All women experiencing cessation or irregularity of menstruation require medical evaluation.
    • Menstrual dysfunction necessitates investigation for serious pathologic conditions.
    • Timely diagnosis and management of hormonal imbalances are essential for women's long-term health.