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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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Modeling Ascending Vaginal Infection, Preterm Birth, and Neonatal Morbidity in Mice
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Microbial Changes during Pregnancy, Birth, and Infancy.

Meital Nuriel-Ohayon1, Hadar Neuman1, Omry Koren1

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University Safed, Israel.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|July 30, 2016
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The maternal microbiome undergoes significant changes during pregnancy, influencing fetal development. Understanding these healthy microbial shifts is crucial for maternal and infant health outcomes.

Keywords:
gutinfantmicrobiomemicrobiotanewbornpregnancy

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Pregnancy involves significant physiological changes, including weight gain, hormonal shifts, and immune system alterations.
  • The microbiome, a collection of microbes, plays an integral role in influencing and being influenced by these developmental processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize the known changes in microbiota composition across various body sites during pregnancy, fetal development, and early childhood.
  • To highlight emerging research on the microbiome's role in healthy gestation and its potential impact on pregnancy complications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review summarizing existing research on microbiome composition and function during key developmental stages.
  • Analysis of studies investigating microbial colonization in the placenta and fetus.
  • Review of factors influencing the infant microbiome, such as delivery mode, feeding, and antibiotic exposure.

Main Results:

  • The maternal microbiome composition changes significantly at sites including the gut, vagina, oral cavity, and placenta throughout gestation.
  • Evidence suggests early microbial colonization of the placenta and fetus, challenging previous assumptions of a sterile environment.
  • Factors like delivery mode, infant feeding practices, and antibiotic exposure are key determinants of the infant microbiome's development.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the dynamic changes in the maternal and infant microbiome during development is essential for distinguishing healthy microbial patterns from those associated with adverse outcomes.
  • Emerging evidence indicates the microbiome plays a critical role from the earliest stages of life, potentially influencing long-term health.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms by which the microbiome interacts with maternal physiological changes during pregnancy.