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Related Concept Videos

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Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Update on immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy in multiple sclerosis.

Rebecca C Selter1, Bernhard Hemmer2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.

Immunotargets and Therapy
|July 30, 2016
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated central nervous system disease influenced by genetics and environment. New therapies are emerging, expanding treatment options for patients with this chronic condition.

Keywords:
disease-modifying therapyimmunopathogenesismultiple sclerosis

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system.
  • Its pathogenesis involves both genetic and environmental factors.
  • Histopathology indicates MS is an immune-mediated condition affecting cellular and humoral immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of multiple sclerosis pathogenesis.
  • To highlight established and emerging disease-modifying therapies for MS.
  • To discuss future therapeutic opportunities in MS treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on multiple sclerosis.
  • Analysis of histopathological findings.
  • Survey of current clinical trials for MS therapies.

Main Results:

  • Multiple sclerosis is confirmed as an immune-mediated disease.
  • Several disease-modifying therapies have been established in the last two decades.
  • Numerous novel therapeutic agents are under investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the immune basis of MS is crucial for treatment.
  • Established therapies have improved MS management.
  • Ongoing research promises expanded therapeutic options for multiple sclerosis patients.