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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
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Immunotherapy in genitourinary malignancies.

Max M Wattenberg1, Lawrence Fong, Ravi A Madan

  • 1aHelen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California bGenitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

Current Opinion in Urology
|July 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors and cancer vaccines show promise for genitourinary cancers like bladder and kidney. Further research is needed to identify which prostate cancer patients benefit most from these immunotherapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Genitourinary (GU) malignancies represent a significant health burden.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and therapeutic cancer vaccines are emerging treatment modalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in ICI and vaccine therapy for GU cancers.
  • To highlight clinical benefits and limitations of these immunotherapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on ICI and vaccine therapy in GU malignancies.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data and FDA approvals.

Main Results:

  • ICIs demonstrate dramatic responses in renal cell carcinoma and bladder cancer, with recent FDA approvals.
  • Prostate cancer has not yet shown benefit from ICI therapy.
  • Therapeutic cancer vaccines show promise, particularly for prostate cancer.
  • Clinical benefit from these therapies is observed in a subset of patients.

Conclusions:

  • ICI therapy and cancer vaccines are supported by current evidence for GU malignancy management.
  • Development of predictive biomarkers and combination therapies is crucial for optimizing efficacy.
  • Further research is required to improve patient outcomes in GU cancers.