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Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Fabrication of Three-dimensional Paper-based Microfluidic Devices for Immunoassays
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Rapid and alternative fabrication method for microfluidic paper based analytical devices.

Soheil Malekghasemi1, Enver Kahveci2, Memed Duman1

  • 1Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.

Talanta
|July 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a rapid, 10-minute fabrication method for microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) using inkjet printing and microwave irradiation. This approach enhances ease-of-use and cost-effectiveness for point-of-care diagnostics.

Keywords:
Cellulose fibersInk-jet printingMicrofluidic paper based analytical deviceMicrowave irradiationPoint of careSilylation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science: Surface modification of paper substrates.
  • Analytical Chemistry: Development of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs).
  • Engineering: Fabrication techniques for diagnostic devices.

Background:

  • Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) are crucial for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics due to their low cost and ease of use.
  • Existing µPAD fabrication methods often involve multiple steps and instruments, hindering rapid, widespread adoption.
  • There is a need for streamlined fabrication processes to improve the accessibility and efficiency of µPADs for POC applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a rapid and effective fabrication method for µPADs.
  • To investigate the use of inkjet printing and microwave irradiation for µPAD fabrication.
  • To characterize the surface properties and performance of the fabricated µPADs.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) and Tetra-ethylorthosilicate (TEOS) for paper modification.
  • Evaluation of heating, plasma treatment, and microwave irradiation for surface modification.
  • Utilized inkjet printing for channel generation and chemical agent deposition, coupled with microwave irradiation for rapid fabrication (under 10 minutes).

Main Results:

  • Microwave irradiation with TEOS modification yielded the highest hydrophobicity (contact angle of 141°±1) within 7 minutes.
  • Surface analysis confirmed the presence of Si-O-Si bridges and Si(OEt) groups on TEOS-modified paper, with altered porous structures.
  • Developed µPADs demonstrated efficient hydrophilic channels and successfully detected urease enzyme at a detection limit of 1 unit/mL within 3 minutes.

Conclusions:

  • The combination of microwave irradiation and inkjet printing offers a significantly faster and more efficient method for fabricating µPADs.
  • This improved fabrication technique enhances the ease-of-use and cost-effectiveness of µPADs, making them more suitable for POC diagnostics.
  • The developed µPADs show promise for rapid, sensitive, and on-site diagnostic testing.