Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Decreasing Function01:27

Decreasing Function

309
A decreasing function describes a relationship where the output consistently declines as the input increases. This means that for any two input values, if one is greater than the other, the corresponding output is smaller. Mathematically, a function f is decreasing on an interval I if for every x1 < x2​ in I, f (x1) > f (x2). This type of behavior is visually identified on a graph that slopes downward from left to right.The nature of a function can be analyzed by calculating...
309
Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:30

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

6.7K
Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
6.7K
Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

590
Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
590
Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

1.1K
A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
1.1K
Decreased pulse rate01:14

Decreased pulse rate

918
Bradycardia is a medical condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal. It occurs when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinus node, generates slower electrical impulses than the standard rhythm. In adults, bradycardia is diagnosed when the pulse rate falls below 60 beats per minute, indicating a deviation from the normal heart rate range.
There are specific risk factors that can elevate the likelihood of developing bradycardia. Advanced age is a significant factor, with...
918
Anatomy of Respiratory System II: Lower Respiratory Tract01:31

Anatomy of Respiratory System II: Lower Respiratory Tract

3.9K
The lower respiratory tract is anatomically composed of several vital structures, including the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs, and pleurae. Each component has a specific function, and all are intricately connected to ensure efficient respiration.
The Larynx
It is located between the pharynx and the trachea, acts as a passageway for air, and hosts several critical structures, such as the epiglottis, vocal cords, and glottis. The epiglottis acts as a gateway, guiding food to the...
3.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Plasticity in respiratory motor neurons in response to reduced synaptic inputs: A form of homeostatic plasticity in respiratory control?

Experimental neurology·2016
Same author

SOCS3-mediated regulation of inflammatory cytokines in PTEN and p53 inactivated triple negative breast cancer model.

Oncogene·2014
Same author

Inactivity-induced respiratory plasticity: protecting the drive to breathe in disorders that reduce respiratory neural activity.

Respiratory physiology & neurobiology·2013
Same author

Inactivity-induced phrenic and hypoglossal motor facilitation are differentially expressed following intermittent vs. sustained neural apnea.

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)·2013
Same author

Antigenic protein in microgravity-grown human mixed Mullerian ovarian tumor (LN1) cells preserved in RNA stabilizing agent.

Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology·2005
Same author

Ventilatory behaviors of the toad Bufo marinus revealed by coherence analysis.

Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia·2003

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats
10:41

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

Published on: November 7, 2017

14.0K

Reduced respiratory neural activity elicits a long-lasting decrease in the CO2 threshold for apnea in anesthetized

N A Baertsch1, T L Baker1

  • 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Experimental Neurology
|July 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neural apnea patterns that induce inactivity-induced phrenic motor facilitation (iPMF) alter breathing stability thresholds. Specifically, intermittent and prolonged neural apneas decrease the apneic threshold (AT), suggesting a mechanism for breathing stabilization.

Keywords:
ApneaApneic thresholdCSACentral sleep apneaChemoreflexControl of breathingPhrenicPlasticityReduced respiratory neural activityRespiratory motor neuronsiPMF

More Related Videos

Rapid Determination of the Thermal Nociceptive Threshold in Diabetic Rats
05:45

Rapid Determination of the Thermal Nociceptive Threshold in Diabetic Rats

Published on: May 17, 2012

28.2K
Recording Large-scale Neuronal Ensembles with Silicon Probes in the Anesthetized Rat
05:45

Recording Large-scale Neuronal Ensembles with Silicon Probes in the Anesthetized Rat

Published on: October 19, 2011

25.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats
10:41

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

Published on: November 7, 2017

14.0K
Rapid Determination of the Thermal Nociceptive Threshold in Diabetic Rats
05:45

Rapid Determination of the Thermal Nociceptive Threshold in Diabetic Rats

Published on: May 17, 2012

28.2K
Recording Large-scale Neuronal Ensembles with Silicon Probes in the Anesthetized Rat
05:45

Recording Large-scale Neuronal Ensembles with Silicon Probes in the Anesthetized Rat

Published on: October 19, 2011

25.4K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Respiratory Physiology

Background:

  • Breathing stability is influenced by apneic threshold (AT) and recruitment threshold (RT).
  • Inactivity-induced phrenic motor facilitation (iPMF) is a plasticity following reduced neural activity, but its role in breathing is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if neural apnea patterns inducing iPMF alter AT and RT.
  • To determine the long-lasting physiological effects of neural apnea on breathing control.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded phrenic nerve activity and end-tidal CO2 in anesthetized rats.
  • Applied three distinct neural apnea patterns (intermittent, massed, prolonged).
  • Quantified changes in phrenic nerve burst amplitude, AT, and RT before and after apneas.

Main Results:

  • Neural apnea patterns that elicited iPMF also changed AT and RT.
  • Intermittent and prolonged neural apneas progressively decreased AT, proportional to iPMF.
  • Prolonged apnea transiently decreased RT, but not proportional to iPMF; brief apnea had no effect.

Conclusions:

  • AT and RT are differentially affected by neural apnea.
  • Patterns of neural apnea inducing plasticity (iPMF) may stabilize breathing by lowering the AT.