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Related Concept Videos

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Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

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An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
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An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
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Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

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Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic...
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Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction...
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Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

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Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
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Accelerated hydrazone formation in charged microdroplets.

Ryan M Bain1, Christopher J Pulliam1, Stephen T Ayrton1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) enables reaction monitoring and acceleration in charged droplets. Increasing droplet flight distance significantly boosts product yield, offering a versatile tool for chemical analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Mass Spectrometry
  • Chemical Kinetics

Background:

  • Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is an emerging technique for monitoring chemical reactions.
  • Charged droplets generated during ESI can exhibit reaction acceleration properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of ESI-MS for reaction monitoring.
  • To explore reaction acceleration within charged droplets and its effect on product yield.

Main Methods:

  • The reaction between indoline-2,3-dione and phenylhydrazine in methanol was monitored using nanoESI and electrosonic spray ionization (ESSI).
  • The effect of droplet flight distance on product yield was examined by varying the distance between the ionization source and the MS inlet.

Main Results:

  • Product yield increased dramatically with increasing droplet flight distance.
  • Reaction acceleration was observed at greater distances, while monitoring occurred at shorter distances.
  • The observed distance effect correlated with the time dependence of the bulk-phase reaction.

Conclusions:

  • Reaction acceleration in droplets is attributed to solvent evaporation and increased surface-to-volume ratios.
  • An acceleration factor of up to 10^4 was achieved by adjusting droplet distance.
  • The ESI source can be utilized for both reaction monitoring and acceleration by controlling droplet flight distance.