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Heterochromatin

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...

Heterochromatin

Heterochromatin

X-inactivation

X-inactivation

X-Inactivation

X-Inactivation

The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...

Euchromatin

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

Published on: February 2, 2016

Chx10 Consolidates V2a Interneuron Identity through Two Distinct Gene Repression Modes.

Yoanne M Clovis¹, So Yeon Seo², Ji-Sun Kwon¹

¹Pediatric Neuroscience Research Program, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.

|August 2, 2016

Summary

The paired homeodomain factor Chx10 is crucial for spinal V2a interneuron development. It promotes V2a cell fate and suppresses motor neuron programs, segregating related cell types during differentiation.

Keywords:

Chx10 Lhx3 Sox14 V2a interneurons Vsx2 development motor neurons spinal cord transcription factor

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Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Neuroscience
Genetics

Background:

Closely related progenitor cells can give rise to distinct cell types expressing similar transcriptional regulators.
A mechanism is needed to segregate cell identities after initial fate commitment during differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the mechanism of spinal V2a interneuron fate specification.
Understand how V2a interneurons segregate from motor neurons (MNs) despite shared developmental genes.

Main Methods:

Studied the role of the paired homeodomain factor Chx10 in V2a interneuron fate specification.
Examined Chx10's function in postmitotic neurons and its interaction with the MN developmental program.

Main Results:

Chx10 is a critical determinant for V2a interneuron fate.
Chx10 actively promotes V2a fate downstream of Lhx3.
Chx10 suppresses the MN program by inhibiting MN-specific transcription complex binding and activation of MN genes.

Conclusions:

Chx10 actively separates V2a and MN developmental pathways.
This study reveals a gene regulatory principle for segregating related cell fates.