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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears
07:10

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: March 6, 2026

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Rotator Cuff Tear Consequent to Glenohumeral Dislocation.

Mohit N Gilotra, Matthew W Christian, Richard M Lovering

    The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy
    |August 2, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    A collegiate athlete experienced a posterior glenohumeral dislocation, revealing extensive rotator cuff tears and labral lesions upon imaging. This case highlights complex shoulder injuries in contact sports.

    Keywords:
    dislocated shouldermagnetic resonance imagingrotator cuffshoulderupper extremity

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedic Surgery
    • Sports Medicine
    • Musculoskeletal Imaging

    Background:

    • Posterior glenohumeral dislocation is a less common shoulder injury, often associated with specific mechanisms like tackles in football.
    • Prompt diagnosis and comprehensive imaging are crucial for identifying associated injuries that may not be immediately apparent.

    Observation:

    • A 21-year-old collegiate running back presented with a posterior glenohumeral dislocation sustained during a football game.
    • Clinical examination revealed rotator cuff weakness, prompting further investigation.
    • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed 3 weeks post-injury.

    Findings:

    • MRI demonstrated a complete tear of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons.
    • A posterior Bankart lesion and a subscapularis tear were identified.
    • Dislocation of the biceps long head tendon into a reverse Hill-Sachs lesion was noted.

    Implications:

    • This case underscores the potential for severe, multi-component shoulder injuries following seemingly isolated dislocations in athletes.
    • Accurate diagnosis of all associated pathologies, including rotator cuff and labral tears, is essential for effective treatment planning.
    • Understanding these complex injuries informs rehabilitation strategies and return-to-play protocols in sports medicine.