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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Modeling The Lifecycle Of Ebola Virus Under Biosafety Level 2 Conditions With Virus-like Particles Containing Tetracistronic Minigenomes
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New Perspectives on Ebola Virus Evolution.

Celeste J Brown1,2,3, Caleb J Quates3,4, Christopher A Mirabzadeh3,4

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America.

Plos One
|August 2, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ebola virus evolution is better understood by considering non-human hosts between outbreaks. The glycoprotein gene evolves, with specific domains showing constrained or rapid adaptation, impacting host immune response.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Evolution
  • Phylogenetics

Background:

  • The 2014 West Africa Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak spurred research into Ebola virus (EBOV) evolution.
  • Understanding EBOV spread requires analyzing its evolutionary history, including previous outbreaks.
  • The EBOV glycoprotein (GP) gene is crucial due to its role in immune response and phylogenetic signal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of the EBOV glycoprotein gene.
  • To analyze phylogenetic relationships and identify adaptive substitutions in the GP gene.
  • To re-evaluate common phylogenetic rooting practices for EBOV.

Main Methods:

  • Inferred maximum likelihood phylogeny using 96 EBOV GP gene sequences (1976-2014).
  • Tested for positive selection and mapped amino acid substitutions onto the phylogeny.
  • Analyzed substitutions within the GP1,2 protein structure.

Main Results:

  • Rooting EBOV phylogenies between 1976 and 1995 outbreaks is misleading, ignoring inter-outbreak non-human hosts.
  • The GP1 N-terminus evolution may be constrained by a co-encoded secreted glycoprotein.
  • The GP1 mucin-like domain evolves rapidly, maintaining O-linked glycosylation and surface flexibility.

Conclusions:

  • EBOV evolution requires a broader temporal and host context.
  • Specific regions of the EBOV GP exhibit distinct evolutionary constraints and adaptive pressures.
  • Understanding GP evolution is key to comprehending EBOV's host interactions and spread.