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Related Concept Videos

Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

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Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
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Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

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Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Imaging Cell Interaction in Tracheal Mucosa During Influenza Virus Infection Using Two-photon Intravital Microscopy
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Imaging Cell Interaction in Tracheal Mucosa During Influenza Virus Infection Using Two-photon Intravital Microscopy

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Parainfluenza Virus Infection.

Angela R Branche1, Ann R Falsey1

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York.

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
|August 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) cause significant respiratory illness in children and adults. While diagnostics exist, effective antiviral treatments are lacking, necessitating supportive care and ongoing research for new therapies and vaccines.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are RNA viruses responsible for a range of respiratory illnesses in all age groups.
  • HPIVs are a major cause of pediatric lower respiratory tract illnesses and croup, contributing significantly to hospitalizations.
  • Incomplete immunity leads to reinfection in adults, with severe outcomes possible in immunocompromised individuals and the elderly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical impact and current management of Human parainfluenza virus infections.
  • To highlight the limitations in current therapeutic options for HPIVs.
  • To discuss emerging treatments and vaccine development for HPIVs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of HPIV epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment strategies.

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  • Analysis of disease burden in pediatric and adult populations.
  • Evaluation of current diagnostic capabilities and therapeutic interventions.

    • Main Results:

    • HPIVs cause a spectrum of diseases from mild upper respiratory symptoms to severe pneumonia and disseminated infections.
    • Pediatric HPIV infections account for a substantial percentage of hospitalizations for lower respiratory tract illnesses and croup.
    • HPIV pneumonia in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients has high mortality rates (50% acute, 75% at 6 months).

    Conclusions:

    • Despite available diagnostics, effective antiviral therapies for HPIVs are not yet established.
    • Supportive care is the mainstay of treatment, with corticosteroids beneficial for croup.
    • Novel antiviral drugs and vaccines are under development to combat HPIV infections, particularly in high-risk populations.