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Updated: Mar 16, 2026
A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
Published on: August 24, 2017
Development of a neurofeedback protocol targeting the frontal pole using near-infrared spectroscopy
Akihide Kinoshita1, Ryu Takizawa1, Noriaki Yahata1
1Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Aim:
Neurofeedback has been studied with the aim of controlling cerebral activity. Near-infrared spectroscopy is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique used for measuring hemoglobin concentration changes in cortical surface areas with high temporal resolution. Thus, near-infrared spectroscopy may be useful for neurofeedback, which requires real-time feedback of repeated brain activation measurements. However, no study has specifically targeted neurofeedback, using near-infrared spectroscopy, in the frontal pole cortex.
Methods:
We developed an original near-infrared spectroscopy neurofeedback system targeting the frontal pole cortex. Over a single day of testing, each healthy participant (n = 24) received either correct or incorrect (Sham) feedback from near-infrared spectroscopy signals, based on a crossover design.
Results:
Under correct feedback conditions, significant activation was observed in the frontal pole cortex (P = 0.000073). Additionally, self-evaluation of control and metacognitive beliefs were associated with near-infrared spectroscopy signals (P = 0.006).
Conclusion:
The neurofeedback system developed in this study might be useful for developing control of frontal pole cortex activation.
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