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Related Concept Videos

Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

4.6K
A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
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Radical Formation: Addition00:47

Radical Formation: Addition

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Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an...
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Robbers Cave04:49

Robbers Cave

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During the 1950s, the landmark Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that when groups must compete with one another, intergroup conflict, hostility, and even violence may result. At the Oklahoman summer camp, two troops of boys—termed the Rattlers and the Eagles—took part in a week-long tournament. During this time, their negativity culminated in derogatory name-calling, fistfights, and even vandalism and destruction of property. However, this work also revealed that such tension...
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Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

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Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions with respect...
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Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

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The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
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Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

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A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
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    Family reconstitutions in urban settings are challenging due to high population mobility. This study adapted a new methodology in Westminster, revealing incomplete burial records and highlighting the need for improved historical demographic analysis.

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    Area of Science:

    • Historical Demography
    • Urban Population Studies

    Background:

    • Family reconstitution is difficult in mobile urban populations.
    • Historical urban populations exhibit high mobility in life and death.
    • Previous methodologies were not optimized for urban settings.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To apply a modified urban family reconstitution methodology to St. Martin in the Fields parish (1752-1812).
    • To investigate burial and baptismal practices and residential mobility in a historical urban population.
    • To address challenges posed by the lengthening interval between birth and baptism.

    Main Methods:

    • Modified Gill Newton methodology for family reconstitution.
    • Analysis of records from St. Martin in the Fields parish.
    • Confining the sample to families at a single street address due to high mobility.
    • Birth interval analysis and twin birth frequency analysis.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated completeness of birth event registration.
    • Identified significant underregistration of infant and child burials.
    • Found evidence of unreported corpse export for burial in other parishes.
    • Documented high frequency of short-range, inter-parochial residential movement.

    Conclusions:

    • Family reconstitution in highly mobile urban populations presents limitations.
    • Missing burials likely due to unreported inter-parish corpse transport.
    • Developed and demonstrated checks and corrections to improve urban family reconstitution quality.