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The phenotypic plasticity of developmental modules.

Aabha I Sharma1, Katherine O Yanes2, Luyang Jin3

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA 02481 USA ; Departments of Pathology and Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ward Building 4-075, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.

Evodevo
|August 5, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Organisms evolve modularly, but environmental interactions are unclear. This study in Oncopeltus fasciatus shows distinct regulation of melanic spot plasticity in wings versus abdomens, revealing modular environmental responses.

Keywords:
MelaninOncopeltus fasciatusPhenotypic plasticityPigmentationRegenerationRobustnessWnt signaling

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary developmental biology
  • Phenotypic plasticity research
  • Insect coloration studies

Background:

  • Organisms exhibit modular development, yet environmental interactions with these modules are not well understood.
  • Phenotypic traits showing plasticity are subject to natural selection, necessitating studies on modular environmental responses.
  • This research investigates the tissue-specific plasticity of melanic spots in the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the modularity of phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental factors.
  • To understand the genetic and developmental basis of tissue-specific melanic spot plasticity.
  • To explore how different body parts (wings and abdomen) of Oncopeltus fasciatus respond to temperature variations.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of melanic band plasticity in wings and abdomen under different rearing temperatures.
  • Gene knockdown experiments targeting candidate genes (dopa decarboxylase, Abdominal-B, armadillo 1 and 2) involved in pigmentation and patterning.
  • Wing ablation and regeneration studies to assess developmental plasticity.

Main Results:

  • Abdominal melanic band size varied with temperature, while wing bands were more temperature-robust.
  • Knockdown of dopa decarboxylase (Ddc) affected pigmentation intensity but not melanic element shape.
  • Abdominal-B (Abd-B) knockdown partially mimicked low-temperature effects, but abdominal bands remained temperature-sensitive, suggesting downstream regulators.
  • Wing ablation resulted in smaller wings with reduced, proximally shifted melanic bands.
  • Knockdown of Wnt signaling genes (armadillo 1 and 2) affected both melanic bands and wing shape, indicating Wnt's role in constraining wing plasticity.

Conclusions:

  • Modular environmental responses occur when traits are regulated by distinct pre-patterning mechanisms.
  • Developmental integration, rather than modularity, is observed when environmental factors impact shared developmental regulators across different modules.
  • Distinct regulatory mechanisms for abdominal and wing melanic spots allow for differential plasticity in response to environmental changes.