Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Transduction

Transduction

Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...

Stringent Response in E. coli

Stringent Response in E. coli

Bacterial growth is closely tied to nutrient availability, with cells proliferating exponentially under favorable conditions and entering a stationary phase when resources become scarce. This transition is mediated by a regulatory mechanism known as the stringent response, which allows bacteria to adapt to nutrient deprivation by modulating gene expression and metabolic activity.During nutrient scarcity, intracellular amino acid levels decline. It results in the accumulation of uncharged tRNAs...

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Slm1, an F-BAR and PH domain-containing protein, regulates heat-induced turnover of nutrient transporter to control plasma-membrane quality.

The FEBS journal·2026

Same author

Impairment of ribosomes and DNA biosynthesis confers resistance to Inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis.

Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG·2026

Same author

The Effector RipAW Enhances Ralstonia solanacearum Invasion in Arabidopsis via CBP60g/SARD1-Dependent and -Independent Pathways.

Molecular plant pathology·2026

Same author

Identification of an ERGIC-Like Compartment in Fission Yeast: Emp43 Functions as a Lectin-Like Cargo Receptor for Glycosylated Proteins.

Molecular microbiology·2025

Same author

The Ralstonia solanacearum catalase-peroxidase KatG is crucial to survive environmental stresses and also plays a role in plant infection.

Scientific reports·2025

Same author

The CAPE1 peptide confers resistance against bacterial wilt in tomato.

Journal of experimental botany·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Electroporation of Functional Bacterial Effectors into Mammalian Cells

Electroporation of Functional Bacterial Effectors into Mammalian Cells

Published on: January 19, 2015

Modification of Bacterial Effector Proteins Inside Eukaryotic Host Cells.

Crina M Popa¹, Mitsuaki Tabuchi², Marc Valls¹

¹Department of Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB), Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain.

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

|August 5, 2016

Summary

Pathogenic bacteria use effector proteins to manipulate host cells. Eukaryotic cells modify these bacterial effectors through covalent modifications, impacting their function and location.

Keywords:

animal pathogens bacterial effector bacterial virulence eukaryotic host plant pathogens type III secretion system type IV secretion system

More Related Videos

Identification of Host Pathways Targeted by Bacterial Effector Proteins using Yeast Toxicity and Suppressor Screens

Identification of Host Pathways Targeted by Bacterial Effector Proteins using Yeast Toxicity and Suppressor Screens

Published on: October 25, 2019

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

Published on: June 25, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Electroporation of Functional Bacterial Effectors into Mammalian Cells

Electroporation of Functional Bacterial Effectors into Mammalian Cells

Published on: January 19, 2015

Identification of Host Pathways Targeted by Bacterial Effector Proteins using Yeast Toxicity and Suppressor Screens

Identification of Host Pathways Targeted by Bacterial Effector Proteins using Yeast Toxicity and Suppressor Screens

Published on: October 25, 2019

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

Published on: June 25, 2015

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Molecular Biology
Cell Biology

Background:

Pathogenic bacteria deliver effector proteins into host cells to manipulate them.
These bacterial effectors can undergo covalent modifications within eukaryotic cells.
Type III and Type IV secretion systems are key mechanisms for effector delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent findings on host-mediated covalent modifications of bacterial effector proteins.
To focus on effectors delivered by type III and type IV secretion systems.
To describe how eukaryotic factors influence effector activity and localization.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent reports on effector modifications.
Focus on effectors interacting with host factors like GTPases, E2-Ubiquitin conjugates, cyclophilins, and thioredoxins.
Analysis of structural interactions and their impact on effector function.

Main Results:

Bacterial effectors are subject to various host-mediated post-translational modifications.
These modifications include phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, prenylation, fatty acylation, and phospholipid binding.
Host factors like GTPases, E2-Ubiquitin conjugates, cyclophilins, and thioredoxins can trigger or influence effector enzymatic activity.
Host modifications are crucial for correct subcellular localization and function of bacterial effectors.

Conclusions:

Eukaryotic cellular machinery actively modifies bacterial effector proteins.
These host-specific covalent modifications are essential for effector function, localization, and host manipulation.
Understanding these interactions provides insights into host-pathogen dynamics.