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    Area of Science:

    • Epidemiology
    • Public Health
    • Infectious Diseases

    Background:

    • Zika virus, a flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, causes febrile illness and is linked to severe birth defects and Guillain-Barré syndrome.
    • Puerto Rico reported its first locally acquired Zika virus case in December 2015, prompting a significant public health response.
    • Zika virus infection poses a serious threat, particularly to pregnant women due to its association with microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide an epidemiological update on the ongoing Zika virus transmission in Puerto Rico.
    • To detail the public health response implemented by the Puerto Rico Department of Health and the CDC.
    • To analyze the characteristics and outcomes of Zika virus infections in the affected population.

    Main Methods:

    • Case definitions for confirmed, presumptive, and unspecified flavivirus cases were established, utilizing RT-PCR and IgM ELISA tests.
    • A total of 23,487 individuals were evaluated for Zika virus infection between November 1, 2015, and July 7, 2016.
    • Data collection included demographic information, symptoms, pregnancy status, and laboratory testing results.

    Main Results:

    • Over 5,582 confirmed and presumptive Zika virus cases were identified across 77 municipalities, representing 24% of those evaluated.
    • The percentage of positive Zika virus cases among symptomatic individuals increased significantly from February to June 2016.
    • Among 9,343 pregnant women tested, 672 had confirmed or presumptive Zika virus infection, with a notable proportion being asymptomatic.

    Conclusions:

    • The widespread and accelerating Zika virus outbreak in Puerto Rico necessitates urgent vector control and personal protective measures.
    • Pregnant women are a key demographic requiring focused prevention strategies due to the severe risks associated with Zika virus infection.
    • Continued surveillance and public health interventions are essential to mitigate the impact of Zika virus transmission.