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Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Three-Dimensional Imaging of Aortic Tissues in Atherosclerosis
Published on: October 25, 2024
Imaging Subclinical Atherosclerosis: Where Do We Stand?
Nikolaos Papageorgiou1, Alexandros Briasoulis, Emmanuel Androulakis
1University College London & Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, EC1A 7BE, UK.
Abstract:
The age of initiation and the rate of progression of atherosclerosis vary markedly among individuals and have been difficult to predict with traditional cardiovascular risk assessment models. Although these risk models provide good discrimination and calibration in certain populations, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk may not be accurately estimated in low- and intermediate risk individuals. Therefore, imaging techniques such as Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI), Coronary Artery Calcium score (CAC), carotid Intima-Media Thickness (cIMT), flow mediated dilation (FMD) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) have been developed and used to reclassify these individuals. In the present article we review the role of the most commonly used imaging techniques for CVD risk assessment.
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