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A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

High-throughput Fluorometric Measurement of Potential Soil Extracellular Enzyme Activities
12:33

High-throughput Fluorometric Measurement of Potential Soil Extracellular Enzyme Activities

Published on: November 15, 2013

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[Not Available].

Bruno Cutuli1

  • 1Institut du Cancer Courlancy, 38, rue de Courlancy, 51100 Reims.

Bulletin Du Cancer
|August 7, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Radiotherapy (RT) significantly improves local control and survival in early breast cancer. Modern RT techniques reduce toxicity, offering enhanced patient benefits and survival outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Breast Cancer Treatment

Background:

  • Radiotherapy (RT) is a cornerstone in early breast cancer management, impacting local control and survival.
  • RT effectively reduces local recurrence (LR) rates for both ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and infiltrating breast cancers (IBC) post-conservative surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review new strategies in radiotherapy for early breast cancer.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of various radiotherapy approaches, including hypofractionated schemes and locoregional RT.

Main Methods:

  • Review of randomized trials and meta-analyses on radiotherapy efficacy in early breast cancer.
  • Analysis of data on hypofractionated schemes, partial breast irradiation, locoregional RT, internal mammary chain irradiation, and axillary RT.
Keywords:
Breast cancerCancer du seinCancer in situDuctal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)Local recurrenceRadiotherapyRadiothérapieRécidive localeSurvieSurvival

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Main Results:

  • RT reduces LR by 50-60% in DCIS and 65-75% in IBC after conservative surgery.
  • Hypofractionated RT is suitable for elderly women; locoregional RT improves survival in high-risk patients.
  • Internal mammary chain irradiation shows a survival benefit (2-3%) in high-risk patients, and axillary RT may replace axillary dissection.

Conclusions:

  • Radiotherapy remains essential for improving outcomes in early breast cancer.
  • Modern RT techniques and optimization reduce toxicity, enhancing patient benefits and survival.
  • Further research into partial breast irradiation within controlled studies is warranted.