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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

A Proinflammatory, Degenerative Organ Culture Model to Simulate Early-Stage Intervertebral Disc Disease.
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Are Modic changes associated with intervertebral disc cytokine profiles?

Gregory D Schroeder1, Dessislava Z Markova2, John D Koerner1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, 925 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA; The Thomas Jefferson University Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 1025 Walnut St, Fifth Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.

The Spine Journal : Official Journal of the North American Spine Society
|August 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Degenerative changes in the spine, including Modic changes (MCs), are linked to increased levels of specific cytokines in intervertebral discs (IVDs). This study found higher granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA-78) in IVDs with MCs.

Keywords:
CytokinesDegenerative discsIntervertebral discLow back painLumbar spineModic changes

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Area of Science:

  • Spine research
  • Biomedical science
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Chronic low back pain is often associated with degenerative spinal changes, such as Modic changes (MCs).
  • Intervertebral disc (IVD) cytokine expression is implicated in low back pain, but comparisons between IVDs with and without MCs are lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between IVD cytokine expression and the presence of MCs.
  • To compare cytokine profiles in degenerative IVDs with and without type II MCs.

Main Methods:

  • Laboratory analysis of IVD tissue samples from 20 patients (10 with type II MCs, 10 without).
  • Cytokine expression levels (42 cytokines) were measured using antibody arrays and validated with ELISA.

Main Results:

  • Significantly elevated levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA-78) were observed in IVDs with type II MCs.
  • ELISA confirmed a 3.85-fold increase in GM-CSF and a 3.68-fold increase in ENA-78 in IVDs with type II MCs compared to those without.
  • Trends toward increased interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were also noted in IVDs with type II MCs.

Conclusions:

  • Intervertebral discs associated with type II Modic changes exhibit significantly higher levels of IL-1β, GM-CSF, and ENA-78.
  • These findings reinforce the connection between Modic changes and the pathophysiology of low back pain.