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Updated: Jul 28, 2026

Visualization of Bacterial Resistance using Fluorescent Antibiotic Probes
Published on: March 2, 2020
Thiazine, antibiotic, bilirubin adducts
G M Eckert1, F Gutmann, H Keyzer
1St. George's Hospital, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia.
Abstract:
1. Electron charge transfer interactions of some phenothiazine derivatives with aminoglycoside antibiotics, beta-lactams and penicillin-related antibiotics and bilirubin were investigated with alternating current titrations. 2. Neither the beta-lactams nor penicillin-related drugs interacted. 3. However, the aminoglycoside antibiotics formed complexes with the phenothiazines. 4. Tobramycin and gentamicin each formed 1:2 adducts with carbenicillin. 5. The phenothiazines interacted with bilirubin forming concentration-dependent micellar adducts which were exciplexes. This may explain the appearance of xanthomata in patients medicated with phenothiazines.
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