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Degradation nonuniformity in the solar diffuser bidirectional reflectance distribution function.

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    Summary
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    The solar diffuser's angular dependence stability is critical for satellite sensor calibration. This study reveals that the solar diffuser (SD) degrades nonuniformly, introducing bias in calibration data for sensors like VIIRS and MODIS.

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    Area of Science:

    • Earth Observation Satellite Calibration
    • Radiometric Calibration
    • Remote Sensing

    Background:

    • On-orbit calibration of reflective solar bands (RSBs) in satellite sensors relies on the assumption of stable angular dependence of the solar diffuser (SD).
    • Recent evidence suggests this assumption may not hold, potentially impacting the accuracy of long-term satellite data products.
    • The solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM) is commonly used to measure SD degradation, serving as a proxy for RSB calibration.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the angular dependence of solar diffuser (SD) degradation for the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite sensors.
    • To determine if the SD degradation measured by the SDSM accurately represents the degradation in the RSB view direction.
    • To identify and analyze the impact of evolving angular dependence on satellite calibration accuracy.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of historical on-orbit calibration data for SNPP VIIRS, Terra MODIS, and Aqua MODIS.
    • Examination of SDSM and RSB detector responses to incident illumination reflecting off the SD relative to solar declination angle.
    • Evaluation of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of the SD over time.

    Main Results:

    • The angular dependence of SD degradation evolves with time, particularly at shorter wavelengths, contradicting the stability assumption.
    • The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of the SD degrades nonuniformly with respect to both incident and outgoing directions.
    • SDSM-based degradation factors are biased relative to the RSB view direction, leading to calibration inaccuracies and potential drift in science products.
    • Sharp changes in evolving angular dependence were observed in Terra MODIS and SNPP VIIRS.
    • SNPP VIIRS utilizes a hybrid methodology with lunar calibration to mitigate SD degradation effects.
    • MODIS employs Earth targets for calibration, circumventing SD-related issues.

    Conclusions:

    • The assumption of stable angular dependence of the solar diffuser is invalid, necessitating adjustments in on-orbit calibration strategies.
    • Nonuniform SD degradation introduces bias in RSB calibration, impacting the long-term accuracy of satellite-derived science products.
    • Operational capabilities like a closable space view door can minimize SD degradation, enhancing calibration stability and data accuracy.