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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Fluidity01:23

Membrane Fluidity

178.5K
Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are generally able to move about in the plane of the membrane, giving the membrane its flexible nature called fluidity. Two other features of the membrane contribute to membrane fluidity: the chemical structure of the phospholipids and the presence of cholesterol in the membrane.
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Membrane Fluidity01:26

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Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
Mosaic nature of the membrane
The mosaic characteristic of the membrane helps the plasma membrane remain fluid. The integral proteins and lipids exist as separate but loosely-attached molecules in the membrane. The membrane is...
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Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

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The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
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Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
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Fluid Mosaic Model01:19

Fluid Mosaic Model

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Scientists identified the plasma membrane in the 1890s and its principal chemical components (lipids and proteins) by 1915. The model for plasma membrane structure, proposed in 1935 by Hugh Davson and James Danielli, was the first model to be widely accepted in the scientific community. The model was based on the plasma membrane's "railroad track" appearance in early electron micrographs. Davson and Danielli theorized that the plasma membrane's structure resembled a sandwich...
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PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions
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Phosphate Ions Affect the Water Structure at Functionalized Membrane Surfaces.

Aliyah Barrett1, Joseph Imbrogno2, Georges Belfort2

  • 1Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850, United States.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|August 11, 2016
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Summary

Antifouling surfaces resist protein adhesion. Water structure at these surfaces is crucial, and its ordering is significantly affected by ionic strength, especially for poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) coatings. This impacts antifouling efficacy.

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science and Engineering
  • Materials Chemistry
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Antifouling surfaces are critical for preventing protein and biofilm adhesion, enhancing the performance of various technologies.
  • Understanding interfacial water structure is key to designing effective antifouling coatings, but the influence of electrolytes remains understudied.
  • Previous research has focused on pure water, neglecting the impact of ionic strength common in biological and industrial applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of ionic strength on interfacial water structure at different antifouling surfaces.
  • To compare water ordering at poly(ether sulfone) (PES), C18-modified PES, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-modified PES films.
  • To elucidate how electrolyte concentration influences water structure and its implications for antifouling properties.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy to characterize interfacial water structure.
  • Examined water structure at PES, C18-PES, and PEG-PES surfaces in contact with phosphate buffers of varying ionic strengths (0.025 M and 0.166 M).
  • Investigated the role of specific ions (phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride) in mediating water ordering.

Main Results:

  • Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-modified surfaces showed strong water ordering at low ionic strength, significantly reduced at high ionic strength due to ion screening.
  • C18-modified surfaces exhibited less water ordering, with a smaller reduction upon salt addition.
  • Unmodified poly(ether sulfone) (PES) surfaces showed minimal change in water structure regardless of ionic strength.

Conclusions:

  • Ionic strength dramatically influences interfacial water structure, particularly at hydrophilic antifouling surfaces like PEG.
  • The screening effect of electrolytes in high ionic strength solutions (like phosphate buffered saline) diminishes long-range water ordering.
  • Results highlight the necessity of studying antifouling coatings in relevant aqueous environments to accurately predict performance.