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Related Concept Videos

Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:26

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Varicose veins, or varicosities, develop when the valves in the veins, which control blood flow, weaken or damage. It causes blood to pool and the veins to enlarge. Understanding the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management options for varicose veins is crucial for effective treatment and relief.Clinical manifestationsClinical manifestations of varicose veins include a heavy, achy feeling or pain after prolonged standing or sitting. This discomfort can often be relieved by...
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IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular...
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Infertility in Males01:23

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Varicose Veins I: Introduction01:26

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Varicose veins, or varicosities, are abnormally dilated and twisted superficial veins caused by venous valve incompetence. This condition commonly affects the lower extremities, especially the saphenous veins, due to the higher pressure from prolonged standing and walking. However, varicosities can also occur in other areas, such as the esophagus, vulva, spermatic cords, and anorectal region.Etiology and typesPrimary varicose veins, often idiopathic, are more common in women due to inherent...
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Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Combined Supine and Standing Imaging for Varicocele: An Improved Diagnostic Approach
04:15

Combined Supine and Standing Imaging for Varicocele: An Improved Diagnostic Approach

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Varicocele - a case for early intervention.

Phil V Bach1, Bobby B Najari1, Marc Goldstein1

  • 1Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.

F1000Research
|August 11, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Varicocele, a testicular vein dilation, is linked to male infertility and low testosterone. Microsurgical repair improves fertility and testosterone levels, with the microsurgical inguinal/subinguinal approach showing the best results.

Keywords:
Varicoceleassisted reproductive technologieshypogonadismintracytoplasmic sperm injectionmale infertilitymicrosurgerytestosteronevaricocelectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Andrology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Testicular varicocele, characterized by dilated testicular veins, is historically linked to impaired testicular function.
  • Emerging evidence suggests connections between varicocele and male infertility, as well as reduced serum testosterone levels.
  • Varicocele repair is increasingly recognized for its positive effects on fertility, semen quality, and testosterone levels in adult males.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of varicocele's impact on male reproductive health.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of varicocele repair, particularly microsurgical techniques, on fertility and hormonal status.
  • To highlight the challenges and evidence gaps in managing varicocele in adolescents.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on varicocele and its management.
  • Analysis of studies comparing different varicocele repair techniques.
  • Assessment of evidence regarding the effects of varicocele and its repair on semen parameters, pregnancy rates, and testosterone levels.

Main Results:

  • The microsurgical inguinal/subinguinal approach for varicocele repair demonstrates superior success rates, lower complication rates, and reduced recurrence compared to other methods.
  • Varicocele repair has shown significant benefits in improving pregnancy rates, semen parameters, and serum testosterone in adult men.
  • The impact of varicocele on testicular function in adolescents is still under investigation, suggesting potential early detrimental effects in some cases.

Conclusions:

  • Microsurgical varicocele repair is an effective treatment for improving male fertility and hormonal imbalances.
  • Further high-quality prospective research is essential to clarify the role of varicocele repair in adult and adolescent male infertility and hypogonadism.
  • Early intervention for varicocele in adolescents may be warranted, pending further evidence on its long-term effects on testicular function.