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Visualizing Flagella while Tracking Bacteria.

Linda Turner1, Liam Ping2, Marianna Neubauer1

  • 1Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacterial swimming involves cell and flagellar movement. This study reveals consistent run-and-tumble statistics across various bacteria, with exceptions in swarm cells and Enterococcus, impacting bacterial motility.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Bacterial motility is crucial for survival and pathogenesis.
  • Understanding bacterial swimming requires analyzing both cell body and flagellar dynamics.
  • Previous studies often focused on either cell displacement or flagellar motion, not both simultaneously.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively describe bacterial swimming behavior by simultaneously measuring cell displacement and flagellar movement.
  • To investigate how variations in cell shape, length, and flagellation affect bacterial motility patterns.
  • To analyze the relationship between swimming speed and the dynamics of flagellar rotation and bacterial tumbling.

Main Methods:

  • Reconstruction of a specialized tracking microscope for simultaneous visualization of flagellar filaments and cell body tracking using fluorescence.
  • Study of diverse bacterial species including Escherichia coli (various lengths, swarm cells), Bacillus subtilis (wild-type, mutant), and Enterococcus.
  • Quantitative analysis of bacterial swimming parameters such as run-and-tumble statistics, speeds, and changes in swimming direction.

Main Results:

  • Run-and-tumble statistics showed remarkable consistency across different bacterial shapes, lengths, and flagellation levels.
  • Swarm cells exhibited infrequent tumbling, while Enterococcus cells displayed a tendency for looping behavior at slow speeds.
  • Flagellar polymorphic transformations within bundles caused minor directional deflections.
  • Tumble speeds were approximately two-thirds of run speeds.
  • Faster swimming correlated with reduced rates of direction change during both running and tumbling.
  • A smaller fraction of flagellar filaments involved in tumbles led to shorter tumble intervals and smaller turning angles.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial swimming behavior, characterized by run-and-tumble dynamics, is largely conserved despite variations in cell morphology and flagellation.
  • Specific bacterial types, like swarm cells and Enterococcus, display unique motility adaptations.
  • Flagellar dynamics, including polymorphic transformations and filament involvement in tumbles, directly influence bacterial navigation and movement efficiency.
  • Swimming speed is a key factor modulating the precision of bacterial directional control.