[New aspects on Clostridium difficile infection]

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a frequent and complex disease which is influenced by the repertoire of bacterial virulence factors, by host immunity and by the intestinal microbiome. These complex interaction opens a number of options which may be used for treatment in the future. One example for new treatment options is fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Driven by C. difficile related research activities the knowledge of protective microorganism is increasing and it may be assumed that bacteriotherapy by next-generation probiotics may be used very soon also for other diseases. Very often, CDI reflects to the clinician that antibiotic therapy is associated with side effects. Therefore, C. difficile is the guilty conscience which helps to implement targeted and restrictive antibiotic use in the daily practice.