Universal safe procedure of laparoscopic cholecystectomy standardized by exposing the inner layer of the subserosal...

An incorrect approach to the critical view of safety can cause bile duct and/or vascular injury. However, only superficial anatomical features have been proposed as surgical landmarks to initiate laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) safely in previous reports. Accordingly, we have proposed a novel surgical anatomical definition of the gallbladder wall, in which the subserosal (SS) layer is divided into the inner layer of the SS (SS-Inner) layer consisting of vasculature and fibrous tissue, and the outer layer of the SS (SS-Outer) layer consisting of abundant fat tissue. By dissecting the gallbladder along the SS-Inner layer after exposure at a safe region, bile duct and/or vascular injury can be avoided, even in cholecystitis cases. Furthermore, recognition of this surgical anatomy reveals several aspects. In cholecystitis cases associated with severe fibrotic change, completion of LC by dissecting along the SS-Inner layer is impossible, resulting in abandonment of regular LC. An abscess in the liver bed associated with acute cholecystitis usually forms in the SS-Outer layer, thus, the gallbladder can be dissected easily. In the dome-down technique, the right hepatic duct is endangered by whole-layer dissection, in which the SS-Outer layer is also removed. The proposed procedure should become the universal standard for LC.